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Propeller Assembly for beginners - Page 7 — Parallax Forums

Propeller Assembly for beginners

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  • frank freedmanfrank freedman Posts: 1,973
    edited 2011-07-31 23:18
    Harprit wrote: »
    PAR LOCK.family Counters. High end video control.
    But its not just the commands, its how to put them together in an elegant way. How does a beginner write a serial interface?

    Harprit

    RTFM < 10%, tutorials 10%, practice and experience 80% or more. Elegance is over-rated. The criteria I would aim for are 1) working to specification, 2) optimized, and 3) maintainable for the product life cycle. Some obfuscated PERL could be considered elegant, some grossly optimized. Both marginally maintainable. Real work/world. 1day in a Microchip PIC course / 2 years @200 working days = what percentage practice?

    Frank
  • frank freedmanfrank freedman Posts: 1,973
    edited 2011-07-31 23:48
    Harprit wrote: »
    @Rick:

    That's a tough call
    I will add LEDs to this code for now but eventually we will need a scope.
    Its really a very basic piece of equipment every serious beginner need to learn how to use.
    Just too much stuff that goes too fast to not own one. Its our eyes in electronics.

    HSS

    Debugger, Debugger, Debugger. Most don't have the budget for a decent scope. They are getting fewer on eBay as well...........

    Frank
  • frank freedmanfrank freedman Posts: 1,973
    edited 2011-08-01 00:12
    jazzed wrote: »
    Hi Frank. Welcome to the forum! Hope you enjoy visiting here.

    Harprit's original listing had this in it: "Pin Long |<16"
    The odd syntax means "Pin Long 1 << 16" and PASM is case insensitive.

    So in that case "xor outa, pin" should toggle the destination register outa bit 16.

    Cheers.

    Thanks,
    Will have to revisit that. Did not work for me, so at a first read, the xor seemed prime suspect.

    Frank
  • Heater.Heater. Posts: 21,230
    edited 2011-08-01 00:15
    Yes indeed.
    Beginners surely cannot be expected to have oscilloscope. You can't really expect young boys and girls to have such a thing in their dens. Perhaps after being inspired by your book they will find themselves desparately saving to get one but then they are not beginners anymore.
    You can do a surprising amount of debugging with simple tricks. As a teenager I built a nixie clock at home with this new digital logic(ttl). When it did not work my father, also new to such things, suggested I listen to the signals with a small speaker. Soon had it working.
    Now a days he might have suggested feeding signals into the PC audio port, then you can look at it as well.
    Of course the Prop can act as a logic analyser of it's own signal, even without adding any extra wires.
  • kuronekokuroneko Posts: 3,623
    edited 2011-08-01 00:18
    Heater. wrote: »
    Of course the Prop can act as a logic analyser of it's own signal, even without adding any extra wires.
    How dare you suggesting the blindingly obvious? FWIW, I did all the timing analysis for the prop by letting it play with look at itself ;)
  • frank freedmanfrank freedman Posts: 1,973
    edited 2011-08-01 00:24
    HI Bruce,

    (sideline to this whole thread I guess, but your note re: USPTO triggered this one)

    Gotta love the whole process!!! One of my recent projects was for a group that had twice already had problems presenting their "thing" to the USPTO. No joy at all. Why? The kept sending in the lawyer to present it. Hey they are great experts....AT LAW, maybe some at technology. Our corporate group brought in our IP firm to do a presentation on the patent process and the best advice I took away from them was present the "thing" yourself and you will have a better chance of it being presented understandably and successfully. Passed that to the former mentioned group and they then got their patent. Lawyers, use them for their expertise, not yours was what I learned from that one.

    Frank
  • idbruceidbruce Posts: 6,197
    edited 2011-08-01 01:01
    I apologize for the sidetrack, but in response:

    @frank fredman - Well Frank that is the funny thing, the drawing requirements for the USPTO are specified by federal law.
    Lawyers, use them for their expertise

    For a patent attorney that had been in business for approximately 50 years, he had inadequate knowledge of the type of law he practiced. Go figure.

    Bruce

    EDIT: That was his specialty. "An Expert" LOL
  • Toby SeckshundToby Seckshund Posts: 2,027
    edited 2011-08-01 02:26
    "Beginners surely cannot be expected to have oscilloscope"

    The second thing I made, as a kid was an oscilloscope, an ex-service 3" tube and a bunch of components from old scrap valve televisions. I was fortunate to have a father that taught me how to "make do". Now it is a case of wanting so much more at the very start.

    As for loudspeakers, we often used earpieces and small powered speakers to prove that video was coming out of a wire. If we felt naughty, in front of production people,we would hold meaningful conversations about the differential phase errors that we could hear ;-)
  • HarpritHarprit Posts: 539
    edited 2011-08-01 07:00
    OK I am convinced, recommendations please.
    A consensus would be best
    So what is the best debugger for beginners
    I will learn how to use it

    Harprit
  • jazzedjazzed Posts: 11,803
    edited 2011-08-01 07:36
    Harprit wrote: »
    OK I am convinced, recommendations please.
    A consensus would be best
    So what is the best debugger for beginners
    I will learn how to use it

    Harprit
    PASD would be best for beginners. It is described in the Parallax book.
  • potatoheadpotatohead Posts: 10,253
    edited 2011-08-01 07:47
    Seconded.

    Frankly, I think it's good to use lights, sounds, serial output and text on screen as well. Those are my normal modes. Most of the time, thinking through the timing cases gets rid of most of the issues, and I use the scope for verification more than debugging. I have used it for multi-cog things, or to discover a signal. I kind of want to write a raster display for it, so two of the channels can put text on screen, while the other two plot a signal...

    I love all the audio tricks mentioned here! Used all of them. Can still hear video well enough to know whether a signal is synced or not just by the sound of it. Pretty amazing the smaller things we can hear, once we get used to trying to hear them.
  • StefanL38StefanL38 Posts: 2,292
    edited 2011-08-01 08:00
    I agree with PASD,

    my reasons for it:
    visualisation of all 32 bits of DIRA, OUTA
    visualisation of COG-RAM
    visualisation of HUB-RAM

    automatic download of code from propellertool into propeller-RAM and automatic copying PASM-code into PASD

    common debug-commands
    run, step, step-over, breakpoints

    I attach a small introduction of how to use PASD. All beginners are invited to follow the instructions and report back if this worked for them or what difficulties they encountered
    As I'm already a somehow advanced user of PASD I may be blind for some beginners difficulties. So please post all the hurdles and questions.

    PASD itself can be downloaded from http://insonix.ch/propeller/objects/PASD_07.zip

    keep the questions coming
    best regards

    Stefan
  • frank freedmanfrank freedman Posts: 1,973
    edited 2011-08-01 21:57
    Thanks,
    Will have to revisit that. Did not work for me, so at a first read, the xor seemed prime suspect.

    Frank

    Hey Jazzed,

    Looked into the potatohead papers which clarified how the PASM compiler handled the pin value, and from a safety and maintainability aspect, I would probably not use such a construct as the shifted one in the example code. Does not appear to save anything at runtime, and seems an unnecessary obfuscation. I know that some prefer to lay out bits in hex as well, but I think the 1s and 0s laid out makes for more clarity for me, especially if I am having to maintain someone else's code. Also easier to train someone else as well.

    Maybe in a few months or projects (and they are already starting to stack up in my ima wanna do this book) and I'm not so d@mn green with the propchip, I may see other things and perhaps get a bit tricksy as well. Or not as a couple of devices are going to have medical uses. I do thank you for the response though. More questions to come.......

    Frank
  • potatoheadpotatohead Posts: 10,253
    edited 2011-08-01 22:04
    I'm of two minds on the shifted construct. On one hand, the shift operator is totally handy in SPIN, so if a SPIN programmer looks at PASM, and sees that, they probably will know what is going on.

    On the other hand, that exact question has come up a lot of times, and for clarity, I favor putting the bits out there, delinted by bit field, so they match the data sheet. For things like video, I find this easiest to decode what was done.

    Finally, once somebody is up to speed, the shifted operator is productive, and somewhat consistent, compared to always long forming the thing.

    I'm chuckling at "the potatohead papers" :)

    What I've done so far is rewrite the primer for a bit more brevity, cleaned up some language that was too casual, etc... It's the default entry point. The secondary one is simply, "Learning PASM" and starts off where the primer ends, using lots of code examples to highlight concepts that build on one another. The challenge is visuals for me. The secondary one is actual examples that are useful and fun. Not always easy to do that and keep focus high, complexity low.
  • jstjohnzjstjohnz Posts: 91
    edited 2011-08-01 23:13
    reaching deep into the gray matter, into the 8080/Z80 days, a fast trick to clearing the accumulator was to use XOR A producing all ZEROs in the accumulator.
    Frank

    @localroger, I also have the Z80 book (paperback 4th printing 1980), and the aforementioned Comer book for hardware design. Built my long gone IMSAI 8080 one board at a time.....

    On the subject of beginner errors, calling subroutines, etc. The propeller call method probably seems strange if you're used to dealing with a stack and a traditional call/ret construction. The first machine I ever programmed in assembler was a PDP-8, also stackless, and it used a very similar scheme to the prop, except that the call aka JSR=jump to subroutine instruction stored a JMP $+1 in the first word of the subroutine, then jumped to the 2nd word of the subroutine (IIRC). A ret was then just a matter of JMPing to the 1st word of the subroutine. Any way, my next processor was the 8080, my first exposure to stacks. So after a bit of reading I wrote a little routine to test it: PUSH B / PUSH D/ PUSH H/ PUSH PSW / CALL XYZ / POP B / POP D / POP H / POP PSW. That's how you learn I suppose......
  • jazzedjazzed Posts: 11,803
    edited 2011-08-02 08:48
    Looked into the potatohead papers which clarified how the PASM compiler handled the pin value, and from a safety and maintainability aspect ...
    There are even weirder syntax operators to avoid in SPIN syntax (some are actually useful). Using "1 << number" is common in other languages and is convenient when dealing with device specifications that have bit numbers for given functions. I do think using a mask like %00000000_00000001_00000000_00000000 is more obvious as long as the syntax is understood - but that's just another drive down Semantics Boulevard.
  • HarpritHarprit Posts: 539
    edited 2011-08-02 20:26
    I've been doing some serious research into my project
    Current conclusions
    So far everything I have written is really pretty much garbage, I need to take a different tack, start over.
    It will continue to be garbage for a while, there is a learning curve re style, vocabulary and sophistication that will take lots and lots of time.
    PASM has very few instructions but learning to use them effectively is not going to be simple
    Debuggers are very useful but do not replace oscilloscopes, both are needed
    I am reading and I am learning. Slowly.
    I hope to post something interesting re the debugger soon
    and post an outline for the work that has jelled in my mind as I have progressed

    Harprit.
  • frank freedmanfrank freedman Posts: 1,973
    edited 2011-08-02 21:35
    jazzed wrote: »
    There are even weirder syntax operators to avoid in SPIN syntax (some are actually useful). Using "1 << number" is common in other languages and is convenient when dealing with device specifications that have bit numbers for given functions. I do think using a mask like %00000000_00000001_00000000_00000000 is more obvious as long as the syntax is understood - but that's just another drive down Semantics Boulevard.

    Hey Jazzed,

    Not looking for a road trip down the Blvd; as mentioned I am new w/ PASM and prop, just was concerned that if the shift was not a preprocessor/compiler function, but rather actually doing a shift through the OUTA register like an actual shift register could make for an interestingly bad time for anything connected to the prop pins set for output.

    Uh, Oh, Gotta chase the kiddo,

    Frank
  • jazzedjazzed Posts: 11,803
    edited 2011-08-02 22:30
    Not looking for a road trip down the Blvd; as mentioned I am new w/ PASM and prop, just was concerned that if the shift was not a preprocessor/compiler function ...
    Indeed. The shift was a compiler function just to set a bit for use as a mask.
  • HarpritHarprit Posts: 539
    edited 2011-08-03 14:36
    Using a debugger.

    The general consensus is that the debugger of choice is the PASD debugger by the German group Insonics. The software was written by Andy Schenk and Eric Moyer. It is down loadable from the web site at

    www.insonix.ch/propeller/prop_pasd.html

    There is no charge. The manual I available both in English and in German.

    Download the debugger and start reading the manual while we put together our first PAM program.

    In the propeller system, all programs reside within a SPIN shell. Even a 100% PASM needs to be called from a SPIN instruction that starts the Cog the PASM instructions the executed in and tells the system where to load the program within the target Cog. If any constants will be used or if other OBJECTs will be called by the program, they too are called out in the SPIN part of the program. The program itself is defined as a set of DAT (data) statements that are the PASM instructions that will make up the program.

    A typical program might look like this

    {{
    *****************************************
    * The first thing we need is a good *
    * description of what the program does, *
    * who wrote it and when. *
    * Terms of use if any. Copyrights etc *
    *****************************************
    }}
    CON
    ..Set the clock speed parameters here
    List the constants here

    OBJ
    lists the objects to be use here

    PUB ProgName (sample)
    cognew(@program_Loc, variable) 'launch assembly program in a COG
    display of variables is done here in SPIN

    DAT
    org

    The body of the PASM program goes here
    It is almost always a loop that need to
    do something very fast and provide a
    result in a variable defined earlier as
    a part of the cognew statement.

    Next let us fill in the above program so that we have a working program that we can follow with the debugger. We want to make the program as simple as possible or now so that there are no logical manipulations that are hard to follow

    The program will be designed to turn count from 1 to 100 over and over again and display the number as fast as possible to keep up with the PASM code. Here is a listing of the program. You can copy this program and run it to watch its operation. It is described after the listing.
    {{
    *****************************************
    * Test program for introducing the use  *
    * of a debugger.                        *
    * Harprit Sandhu    02 Aug '11          *
    * MIT license terms apply.              *
    *****************************************
    }}
    CON
      _clkmode = xtal1 + pll2x
      _xinfreq = 5_000_000
    
    VAR
      long count, old_count
    
    OBJ 
      fds : "FullDuplexSerial"
    
    PUB count_1to100
    fds.start(31,30,0,115200)   'start console at 115200 for debug output 
    cognew(@counter,@count)     'start PASM routine in its own cog
    waitcnt(clkfreq/20+cnt)     'to let everything start up and stabilize
    old_count:=0                'set the initial value of the old counter to 0
      repeat                    'print loop
        if(old_count)==count    'check to see if we have a new value
                                'if not we do not print value to console
        else                    'if so we have to print to the console
          fds.dec(count)        'print value
          fds.tx(" ")           'print a separating space
          if count==maximum_value   'check to see if we have reached 100
            fds.tx($d)          'new line
            fds.tx($d)          'new line
         old_count:=count       'remember the value as the old value
     
    DAT             org      0                     'start at location 0
    counter         mov      current_count,  #0    'put a 0 into the counter
    add_one         add      current_count,  #1    'add 1 to the counter
                    call     #delay                'delay to allow print routine to catch up
                                                   'there is a minimum value that is needed for
                                                   'the print routine to get done before proceeding
                    wrlong   current_count,  par   'write the value into the PASM/SPIN shared long
                    sub      current_count,  maximum_value   wz   'subtract the maximum value
                                                     'to be printed and set Z flag
             if_z   jmp      #counter               'if the answer is 0 we are done and start over
                    add      current_count,  maximum_value   'add the max value back in 
                    jmp      #add_one               'go back and keep adding 1
    
    delay           mov      delay_counter,   delay_value     'load the delay counter
    redo            sub      delay_counter,   #1        wz    'subtract 1 and set zero test value
             if_z   jmp      #delay_ret            'if it is 0 we are done so return from sub
                    jmp      #redo                 'if not keep subtracting
    delay_ret       ret
    
    delay_value    long       6000                 'delay value has to be long enough for print 
    maximum_value  long       100                  'max value can be anything above 1
    
    current_count   res        1                   'define variable
    delay_counter   res        1                   'define variable 
    
    

    The program is divided into two components, the SPIN method and the PASM method. The counting takes place in the PASM method and the displayed is done in the SPIN method. Since the PASM counting routine is much faster than the ability of the SPIN code to output the values to the console, a delay (of 6000 loops) has to be added in the PASM routine to slow things down. When things are slowed down, the possibility exists that the print routine will print a value more than once. In order to avoid this the print routine makes sure that the old value and the new value are not the same before printing the value.

    It is worth the time to vary the delay_value and observe what happens when it gets too small.

    Next we will look at the program with the PASD debugger.

    Harprit
  • StefanL38StefanL38 Posts: 2,292
    edited 2011-08-03 15:35
    Hi Harprit,

    I tested your code. works as expected.

    I just saw a "bug" in a comment

    I guess
                    jmp      #add_one               'go back and keep subtracting 1s
    

    should be
                    jmp      #add_one               'go back and keep adding 1s
    

    I'm curious how you explain the use of the PASDebugger in this case.

    keep the questions coming
    best regards

    Stefan
  • HarpritHarprit Posts: 539
    edited 2011-08-03 16:14
    Stephan

    I am working on it, it will be the next post
    Following errors can be added quite easily.
    Make counter for delay small to 5000 loops and see what happens
    Take out the duplication check in the Spin code and see what happens
    Write the wrong value to PAR register or error other on this line

    Harprit.
  • StefanL38StefanL38 Posts: 2,292
    edited 2011-08-03 16:28
    I took myself the freedom to add more comments right into the code and to change some commands and labels.

    IMO my label-names are more selfexplaining

    These changes show how the code could be more elegant through introducing the new command "djnz" and the CMP-command
    which just compares to values without changing them

    a waitcnt would make the delay more elegant.
    I know that you are on the learning curve and that the finished and polsihed example will look different than the code posted right now.
    My postings are meant as suggestions for improving. You will decide what to take in and what not.
    {{
    *****************************************
    * Test program for introducing the use  *
    * of a debugger.                        *
    * Harprit Sandhu    02 Aug '11          *
    *modified by StefanL38 04.08. 11
    * MIT license terms apply.              *
    *****************************************
    }}
    CON
      _clkmode = xtal1 + pll2x
      _xinfreq = 5_000_000
    
    VAR
      long count
      long old_count
    
    OBJ 
      fds : "FullDuplexSerial"
    
    PUB count_1to100
      fds.start(31,30,0,115200)   'start console at 115200 for debug output
    
    
      'count is a SPIN-variable defined in the VAR-section above
      'SPIN-variables are al stored into HUB-RAM
      'the first parameter in the cognew-command is the label where the PASM-code starts
      'This label is calculated to the according COG-RAM-adress
      'The second parameter has a "@" too. This is the adress-operator
      'This means the HUB-RAM-adress of variable "count"
      'the second parameter will be stored in the "par"-register of the cog
      'through using par as the destination or source of a WRLONG or RDLONG command
      'the value stored at this HUB-RAM-adress can easily be accessed.
          
      cognew(@Start_Count_at_0,@count)     'start PASM routine in its own cog
    
      'copying the PASM-code from HUB-RAM (DAT-section to COG-RAM needs a bit of time
      waitcnt(clkfreq/20+cnt)     'to let everything start up and stabilize
      old_count:=0                'set the initial value of the old counter to 0
      
      repeat                    'print loop
        if(old_count)==count    'check to see if we have a new value
                                'if not we do not print value to console
        else                    'if so we have to print to the console
          fds.dec(count)        'print value
          fds.tx(" ")           'print a separating space
          if count==maximum_value   'check to see if we have reached 100
            fds.tx($d)          'new line
            fds.tx($d)          'new line
            
         old_count:=count       'remember the value as the old value
    
     
    DAT               org      0                     'start at location 0
    Start_Count_at_0  mov      current_count,  #0    'put a 0 into the counter
    add_one           add      current_count,  #1    'add 1 to the counter
                      call     #Init_delaying        'delay to allow print routine to catch up
                                                     'there is a minimum value that is needed for
                                                     'the print routine to get done before proceeding
                                                     
                      'this wrlong-command writes the value of COG-RAM variable "current_count"
                      'at HUB-RAM-adress "par"
                      'if you remember the PASM-cog was started with cognew(@counter,@count)
                      'which means par contains the HUB-RAM-adress of SPIN-variable "count"
                                                       
                      wrlong   current_count,  par   'write the value into the PASM/SPIN shared long
    
    
                      'the optional wz effect sets the Z-flag to 0 or 1 depending on the result
                      'of the comparison of the values "current_count" and  "maximum_value"
                      'the command cmp does not change the value it really just compares 
                      cmp      current_count,  maximum_value   wz
    
                      'the if_z-condition makes the jmp-command conditional only if Z-Flag is set
                      'jump to label "Start_Count_at_0"   
               if_z   jmp      #Start_Count_at_0               
                                                      
                      jmp      #add_one               'go back and keep adding 1s
    
    'start of "sub-routine "delay"                
    Init_delaying   mov      delay_counter,   delay_value     'load the delay counter with vaue stored in "delay_value"
    
                    'need a NOP here to distinguis between init with zero and counting up 
    delay_loop      nop                                        
    
                      'the acronym "djnz" means d)ecrement  and  j)ump  if  n)ot  z)ero
                      'the COG-RAM variable "delay_counter" is decremented by one
                      'if the result after decrementing is NOT zero jump to label "delay_loop"
                      'if result is zero don't jump but execute command below  
                      djnz     delay_counter, #delay_loop
    Init_delaying_ret ret
    
    
    delay_value    long       12000                'delay value has to be long enough for print 
    maximum_value  long       100                  'max value can be anything above 1
    
    current_count   res        1                   'define variable
    delay_counter   res        1                   'define variable
    
    Please comment on the inserted comments. Is the PASM-code still readable? From a beginners view!

    If it is not readable for beginners I suggest to put the comments in an extra text near to the code (maybe code on the left page comment on the right page)
    to have handy the explanation of what the code does.

    The command djnz is predestinated for loops. So my opnion is if you want to introduce loops introduce to djnz which is almost analog to
    spin
      I := 100
      ...
      repeat i := i - 1 until i == 0
    
    Also for comparing the command cmp does what its name is. And in my opinion this is easy to understand.

    keep the comments coming
    best regards

    Stefan
  • HarpritHarprit Posts: 539
    edited 2011-08-03 16:44
    Stephan

    I understand that djnz (etc etc) is more efficient but in the first program the students needs to
    see a usual construction and understand that it is easily implemented in PASM. Now
    we are learning the basics. Later we make it fast and more elegant.

    Thank you for the extended code and descriptions. I like them very much. Beginners
    will also enjoy looking at the code in two ways.

    Harprit
  • kuronekokuroneko Posts: 3,623
    edited 2011-08-03 16:45
    @Stefan: Can you please elaborate on this comment (I only just started on my coffee)?
    Init_delaying   mov      delay_counter,   delay_value     'load the delay counter with vaue stored in "delay_value"
    
                    [COLOR="red"]'need a NOP here to distinguis between init with zero and counting up [/COLOR]
    delay_loop      nop                                        
    
                      'the acronym "djnz" means d)ecrement  and  j)ump  if  n)ot  z)ero
                      'the COG-RAM variable "delay_counter" is decremented by one
                      'if the result after decrementing is NOT zero jump to label "delay_loop"
                      'if result is zero don't jump but execute command below  
                      djnz     delay_counter, #delay_loop
    Init_delaying_ret ret
    
  • StefanL38StefanL38 Posts: 2,292
    edited 2011-08-03 16:54
    Hi kuroneko,

    hm - oh yes !! I should ave written 'need a NOP here to distinguis between init with delay_value and counting up

    Do you mean the label could be at adress of djnz itself eliminating the nop?

    got to test this.... indeed
    Init_delaying   mov      delay_counter,   delay_value     'load the delay counter with vaue stored in "delay_value"
    
                      'the acronym "djnz" means d)ecrement  and  j)ump  if  n)ot  z)ero
                      'the COG-RAM variable "delay_counter" is decremented by one
                      'if the result after decrementing is NOT zero jump to label "delay_loop"
                      'if result is zero don't jump but execute command below  
    delay_loop        djnz     delay_counter, #delay_loop
    Init_delaying_ret ret
    

    Works too! Cool ! Learned something new.

    But squeezing it to this is not the first loop for beginners

    keep the questions coming
    best regards

    Stefan
  • kuronekokuroneko Posts: 3,623
    edited 2011-08-03 16:57
    StefanL38 wrote: »
    Do you mean the label could be at adress of djnz itself eliminating the nop?
    Absolutely, unless you want to make the delay longer there is no point to have a nop in there. I still don't get the distinguish part though :)
  • StefanL38StefanL38 Posts: 2,292
    edited 2011-08-03 17:03
    I used google translate to get the english word for german "unterscheiden"
    other google-suggestions
    Verbdistinguish
    differentiate
    set apart
    tell apart

    So what is the main meaning of distinguish ?
  • kuronekokuroneko Posts: 3,623
    edited 2011-08-03 17:07
    OK, was genau willst Du hier unterscheiden? Du laedst den Schleifenzaehler und kannst den Rest djnz ueberlassen ...
  • frank freedmanfrank freedman Posts: 1,973
    edited 2011-08-03 22:02
    Harprit wrote: »
    Using a debugger.

    The general consensus is that the debugger of choice is the PASD debugger by the German group Insonics. The software was written by Andy Schenk and Eric Moyer. It is down loadable from the web site at


    Harprit

    And if you are not running Windows?
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